Waves are the disturbance or oscillations produced in a medium or in space that transfers energy from one place to another. There are different types of waves depending upon the way they propagate and also depending upon the medium requirement for their propagation. Those waves which need medium to traverse are known as mechanical waves while those that do not need any medium are called electromagnetic waves. Also when the direction of propagation of the wave is perpendicular to the direction of disturbance or oscillation, then the waves are called traversal waves while if it is parallel then they are called longitudinal waves.I like to share this Electromagnetic Spectrum Waves with you all through my article.
Definition of Electromagnetic Waves : We Define Electromagnetic Waves as: the waves that are the periodic oscillation of the electric and magnetic field such that the direction of energy transfer is perpendicular to the disturbance.
The electric and magnetic field of the wave are such that they are perpendicular to each other and also they both are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave. For example if electric field is in x direction then magnetic field will be either in y direction or z direction so that direction of propagation will be then in z or y direction respectively. This is because EM waves are traverse in nature.
An important feature of EM waves is that they do not need any medium to travel in contrast to mechanical waves. These waves can travel through vacuum. Also they can travel through medium but in that case their speed slows down with the properties of the medium.
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This occurs due to the absorption of energy of EM wave by the atoms of the medium. The speed in a medium depends on the permittivity and permeability of the medium. Speed of Electromagnetic Waves is equal to the speed of light ‘c’ in vacuum which is approximately 3*108 m/s. in some medium the speed changes as:
v = .
There are different Types of Electromagnetic Waves that exists. Visible light is the only Traveling Electromagnetic Wave that is visible to human eyes. All types of EM waves have different wavelengths and frequency range in which they exist. Representation of all types of EM waves depending on their wavelength and frequency is known as electromagnetic spectrum. Wavelength of electromagnetic spectrum ranges from 10-16 to 108 nm. The different types of EM waves in EM spectrum are.
Radio waves, micro waves, infrared (IR) waves, visible light, UV or ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma rays.
Wednesday, May 15, 2013
Wavelength Formula
Before starting let us have a quick recap of what is wavelength. The distance between any two consecutive crests for a wave is called its wav.len. This is true for troughs also. But the distance between one crest and one trough cannot be considered as it does not make any sense.
Wave length is one of the primary and the most important feature of the wave. Many other features such as speed of the wave are dependent on it and are sometimes derived from it.
Represented by lambda or an inverted v like shape, wave length has a relation or dependency on frequency which we going to discuss here. Let us state Wavelength Frequency Formula first.
I like to share this formula for wavelength with you all through my article.
Lambda = c / f - - - - - - - -(1)
Here f is the frequency.
Lambda is the wav.len.
C is the speed and has the value which is constant and equal to 3 * 108 m / sec.
Similarly we have the Frequency to Wavelength Formula which is more or less similar to what we have stated above. Just the format is rearranged.
F = c / lambda
Here F is the frequency of the wave. Units can be Hertz as standard unit.
Here lambda is the length of the wave.
We also have the relation between energy of the wave and its wav.len.
E = h f
E = h c / lambda
Here h is a constant and hence has a fixed value.
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E is the energy associated with the wave.
Let us now discuss UV Light Wavelength. For the ultraviolet light the wave.len. is shorter than that of visible light. But is longer than that of X ray. The normal and most accepted range for it is from 10 nanometer to 400 nano-meter. Due to this length and frequency it is invisible to naked human eye but has significant effect on human body. The wave Length Of the light ray is used to specify a particular spectrum for it. This is a good way to classify it.
Wavelength to Frequency Formula is of utter importance for solving most of the mathematical problems.
As discussed we have different wave length for different regions of light rays and for different types we have different spectrum regions assigned for the same. Longest Wavelength Color is red. This is for visible region. As the wave Length increases the frequency will decrease which is evident from the formula.
Wave length is one of the primary and the most important feature of the wave. Many other features such as speed of the wave are dependent on it and are sometimes derived from it.
Represented by lambda or an inverted v like shape, wave length has a relation or dependency on frequency which we going to discuss here. Let us state Wavelength Frequency Formula first.
I like to share this formula for wavelength with you all through my article.
Lambda = c / f - - - - - - - -(1)
Here f is the frequency.
Lambda is the wav.len.
C is the speed and has the value which is constant and equal to 3 * 108 m / sec.
Similarly we have the Frequency to Wavelength Formula which is more or less similar to what we have stated above. Just the format is rearranged.
F = c / lambda
Here F is the frequency of the wave. Units can be Hertz as standard unit.
Here lambda is the length of the wave.
We also have the relation between energy of the wave and its wav.len.
E = h f
E = h c / lambda
Here h is a constant and hence has a fixed value.
Is this topic Define Gravitational Potential Energy hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
E is the energy associated with the wave.
Let us now discuss UV Light Wavelength. For the ultraviolet light the wave.len. is shorter than that of visible light. But is longer than that of X ray. The normal and most accepted range for it is from 10 nanometer to 400 nano-meter. Due to this length and frequency it is invisible to naked human eye but has significant effect on human body. The wave Length Of the light ray is used to specify a particular spectrum for it. This is a good way to classify it.
Wavelength to Frequency Formula is of utter importance for solving most of the mathematical problems.
As discussed we have different wave length for different regions of light rays and for different types we have different spectrum regions assigned for the same. Longest Wavelength Color is red. This is for visible region. As the wave Length increases the frequency will decrease which is evident from the formula.
Solve Online Velocity
Introduction to solve velocity online :
Define Velocity :
Velocity of a body is distance travelled by it per unit time in given direction .It is given as
Velocity = `(Distance )/(Time taken)`
v = `(s)/(t)`, where v is velocity , s is distance travelled in given time in given direction, t is time taken
Velocity = `(displacement)/(time taken)` = `(s)/(t)` = v
where v is velocity , s is displacement , t is time taken.
The SI unit of velocity is the same as speed , namely, metres per second ( ms-1 or `(m)/(s)` )
Average Velocity :
Average velocity is the total displacement over total time taken.
Average velocity = `(t otal *displacement)/(t otal * time * taken)`
Note :
Speed and velocity are not always equal in magnitude.
The magnitude of speed and velocity of a moving body is equal only if the body moves in a single straight line.
But if a body does not move in a single straight line , then speed and velocity of the body are not equal.
Average speed of a moving body can never be zero but the average velocity of a moving body can be zero.
Please express your views of this topic Average Velocity Formula by commenting on blog.
Solve problems based on velocity online
Lets solve problems on velocity online :
1) A car travels a distance of 200 km from Delhi to Ambala towards North in 5 hours. Calculate (i) speed and (ii)velocity of car for the journey.
Solution : (i) Speed = `(distance )/(time taken)` = `(200 km)/(5 h)` = 40 `(km)/(h)`
(ii) Velocity = `(displacement )/(time taken)` = `(200 km)/(5 h)` = 40 `(km)/(h)` towards North
2) A car travels 10 km in 4 hours in the North direction , find the velocity.
Solution :Velocity = `(displacement )/(time taken)` = `(100 km)/(4 h)` = 25 `(km)/(h)` towards North
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Solve problem based on average velocity online : (continued)
Lets solve online some problems based on average velocity
1) A boy runs 100 metres in 50 seconds in going from his home to the shop in the East direction, and then runs a distance of 100 metres again in 50 seconds in the reverse direction from shop to reach home.Calculate (i) average speed (ii) average velocity.
Solution : (i) Average speed = `(t otal * d istance* travel ed)/(t otal *time* taken)` = `(100 +100)/(50 +50)` = `(200)/(100)` = 2 `(m)/(s)`
(ii) Average velocity = `(t otal * displacement)/(t otal *time *taken)`
The boys runs East 100 m and then 100m in opposite direction( towards West ) .
Total displacement = 100m - 100m = 0m
Total time taken = 50 sec + 50 sec = 100 sec
Average velocity = `(0)/(100)` = 0 `(m)/(s)`
Define Velocity :
Velocity of a body is distance travelled by it per unit time in given direction .It is given as
Velocity = `(Distance )/(Time taken)`
v = `(s)/(t)`, where v is velocity , s is distance travelled in given time in given direction, t is time taken
Velocity = `(displacement)/(time taken)` = `(s)/(t)` = v
where v is velocity , s is displacement , t is time taken.
The SI unit of velocity is the same as speed , namely, metres per second ( ms-1 or `(m)/(s)` )
Average Velocity :
Average velocity is the total displacement over total time taken.
Average velocity = `(t otal *displacement)/(t otal * time * taken)`
Note :
Speed and velocity are not always equal in magnitude.
The magnitude of speed and velocity of a moving body is equal only if the body moves in a single straight line.
But if a body does not move in a single straight line , then speed and velocity of the body are not equal.
Average speed of a moving body can never be zero but the average velocity of a moving body can be zero.
Please express your views of this topic Average Velocity Formula by commenting on blog.
Solve problems based on velocity online
Lets solve problems on velocity online :
1) A car travels a distance of 200 km from Delhi to Ambala towards North in 5 hours. Calculate (i) speed and (ii)velocity of car for the journey.
Solution : (i) Speed = `(distance )/(time taken)` = `(200 km)/(5 h)` = 40 `(km)/(h)`
(ii) Velocity = `(displacement )/(time taken)` = `(200 km)/(5 h)` = 40 `(km)/(h)` towards North
2) A car travels 10 km in 4 hours in the North direction , find the velocity.
Solution :Velocity = `(displacement )/(time taken)` = `(100 km)/(4 h)` = 25 `(km)/(h)` towards North
Is this topic Optical Density Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Solve problem based on average velocity online : (continued)
Lets solve online some problems based on average velocity
1) A boy runs 100 metres in 50 seconds in going from his home to the shop in the East direction, and then runs a distance of 100 metres again in 50 seconds in the reverse direction from shop to reach home.Calculate (i) average speed (ii) average velocity.
Solution : (i) Average speed = `(t otal * d istance* travel ed)/(t otal *time* taken)` = `(100 +100)/(50 +50)` = `(200)/(100)` = 2 `(m)/(s)`
(ii) Average velocity = `(t otal * displacement)/(t otal *time *taken)`
The boys runs East 100 m and then 100m in opposite direction( towards West ) .
Total displacement = 100m - 100m = 0m
Total time taken = 50 sec + 50 sec = 100 sec
Average velocity = `(0)/(100)` = 0 `(m)/(s)`
Thursday, May 2, 2013
10 Ways to Conserve Energy
Introduction to 10 ways to conserve energy:
The sources of energy are of two types- Renewable and Non-Renewable sources of energy. Non-Renewable sources of energy are available in the limited amount. Their judicious use is imperative because It is widely believed, that millions of years ago, due to certain natural calamities, large number of animals and plants got buried beneath the earth. Under humid conditions and very high pressure and temperature of the earth and the bacterial decomposition in the absence of air, they gradually decomposed to form coal, petroleum or natural gas, depending upon the external factors to which they were subjected. It is assumed that the energy supplied by fossil fuels is basically the energy which was supplied by the sun, millions of years ago. These sources of energy are non-renewable because they cannot be renewed over a short period of time. Hence, they are very precious.Some of the steps which can be taken to conserve energy resources are as follows:
Having problem with Electric Potential Energy Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
10 ways to conserve energy
Switch off the lights, fans television and other electrical appliances when not needed. This will save a lot of electricity.
Use energy efficient electrical appliances to save electricity. This can be done by using Compact Fluorescent Lamps and Fluorescent tube lights instead of traditional filament-type electric bulbs because CFL and tube-lights consume much less electric energy as compared to filament-type electric bulbs for producing the same amount of light.
Use stairs to climb at least up to three floors of a building instead of taking a lift. This will save electricity.
Pressure cookers should be used for cooking food to save fuels like kerosene and LPG.
Good quality stoves should be used to burn fuels like kerosene and cooking gas so as to obtain maximum heat. Solar cookers should be used to cook food wherever possible.
Is this topic Gravity Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
10 ways to conserve energy(Continued)
The use of bio gas as domestic fuel should be encouraged in rural areas.
Bicycles should be used for covering short distances to save precious fuel like petrol. Public transport system in cities should be improved so that people do not commute in their personal vehicle. This will save a lot of petrol and diesel.
Fuel efficient engines of motor vehicles should be designed to reduce the consumption of petrol and diesel.
Always try to use the renewable sources of energy first, use non-renewable sources of energy, only when it is unavoidable.
Science must constantly look for advancing technology to use alternative source of energy and make optimum utilisation of the energy sources available to us.
The sources of energy are of two types- Renewable and Non-Renewable sources of energy. Non-Renewable sources of energy are available in the limited amount. Their judicious use is imperative because It is widely believed, that millions of years ago, due to certain natural calamities, large number of animals and plants got buried beneath the earth. Under humid conditions and very high pressure and temperature of the earth and the bacterial decomposition in the absence of air, they gradually decomposed to form coal, petroleum or natural gas, depending upon the external factors to which they were subjected. It is assumed that the energy supplied by fossil fuels is basically the energy which was supplied by the sun, millions of years ago. These sources of energy are non-renewable because they cannot be renewed over a short period of time. Hence, they are very precious.Some of the steps which can be taken to conserve energy resources are as follows:
Having problem with Electric Potential Energy Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
10 ways to conserve energy
Switch off the lights, fans television and other electrical appliances when not needed. This will save a lot of electricity.
Use energy efficient electrical appliances to save electricity. This can be done by using Compact Fluorescent Lamps and Fluorescent tube lights instead of traditional filament-type electric bulbs because CFL and tube-lights consume much less electric energy as compared to filament-type electric bulbs for producing the same amount of light.
Use stairs to climb at least up to three floors of a building instead of taking a lift. This will save electricity.
Pressure cookers should be used for cooking food to save fuels like kerosene and LPG.
Good quality stoves should be used to burn fuels like kerosene and cooking gas so as to obtain maximum heat. Solar cookers should be used to cook food wherever possible.
Is this topic Gravity Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
10 ways to conserve energy(Continued)
The use of bio gas as domestic fuel should be encouraged in rural areas.
Bicycles should be used for covering short distances to save precious fuel like petrol. Public transport system in cities should be improved so that people do not commute in their personal vehicle. This will save a lot of petrol and diesel.
Fuel efficient engines of motor vehicles should be designed to reduce the consumption of petrol and diesel.
Always try to use the renewable sources of energy first, use non-renewable sources of energy, only when it is unavoidable.
Science must constantly look for advancing technology to use alternative source of energy and make optimum utilisation of the energy sources available to us.
Artificial Satellites in Space
Introduction to artificial satellites in space:
Satellites are the objects in space that orbit around planets. The artificial satellites are the objects that are made by humans and launched into the space. They orbit around the corresponding planet.
I like to share this What is Average Atomic Mass with you all through my article.
Artificial satellites in space:
Artificial satellites are man-made objects that orbit around a planet in space. Most satellites are built to orbit around the Earth. These satellites are different from the natural satellites like moon. Natural satellites are formed naturally during explosion or other phenomenon in space.
The artificial satellites are designed with a purpose. Some satellites like the Space shuttle and the international space station have men in them.
These artificial satellites are used for several purposes- for earth studies, space studies, for communication, military support, and weather observation, for space observations, for imaging the earth and to record the special changes as well as changes on the earth surface. While some satellites are designed for a specific purpose, most others perform a host of activities.
Live television shows have become a possibility due to communication satellites. These satellites perform relay transmission of television signals, radio signals and messages.
The satellites are launched through rockets. The aerospace companies build the satellites. Based on the purpose of artificial satellites, they are launched into different orbits. The ones closer to the earth are low orbiting satellites. A satellite orbits altitude is the guiding factor in determining how long a satellite will stay in space and orbit around a planet.
The first satellite ever launched into the space is explorer 1 that was launched by USA on Jan 31st of 1958. This satellite was responsible for the historic discovery of the presence of high energy electrons and protons in the planets Jupiter and Saturn. Since 1958 about 5000 satellites have been launched by several government and scientific research agencies and even by some private companies like Google.
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Conclusion for artificial satellites in space:
Artificial satellites are definitely a state of the art invention of mankind. They are man-made objects launched into the space through rockets. There are several application areas of artificial satellites in communication, scientific research, weather observation, earth imagery and many more.
Satellites are the objects in space that orbit around planets. The artificial satellites are the objects that are made by humans and launched into the space. They orbit around the corresponding planet.
I like to share this What is Average Atomic Mass with you all through my article.
Artificial satellites in space:
Artificial satellites are man-made objects that orbit around a planet in space. Most satellites are built to orbit around the Earth. These satellites are different from the natural satellites like moon. Natural satellites are formed naturally during explosion or other phenomenon in space.
The artificial satellites are designed with a purpose. Some satellites like the Space shuttle and the international space station have men in them.
These artificial satellites are used for several purposes- for earth studies, space studies, for communication, military support, and weather observation, for space observations, for imaging the earth and to record the special changes as well as changes on the earth surface. While some satellites are designed for a specific purpose, most others perform a host of activities.
Live television shows have become a possibility due to communication satellites. These satellites perform relay transmission of television signals, radio signals and messages.
The satellites are launched through rockets. The aerospace companies build the satellites. Based on the purpose of artificial satellites, they are launched into different orbits. The ones closer to the earth are low orbiting satellites. A satellite orbits altitude is the guiding factor in determining how long a satellite will stay in space and orbit around a planet.
The first satellite ever launched into the space is explorer 1 that was launched by USA on Jan 31st of 1958. This satellite was responsible for the historic discovery of the presence of high energy electrons and protons in the planets Jupiter and Saturn. Since 1958 about 5000 satellites have been launched by several government and scientific research agencies and even by some private companies like Google.
Is this topic net force formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Conclusion for artificial satellites in space:
Artificial satellites are definitely a state of the art invention of mankind. They are man-made objects launched into the space through rockets. There are several application areas of artificial satellites in communication, scientific research, weather observation, earth imagery and many more.
Wednesday, May 1, 2013
Types of Physical Science
Anyone considering a career in a physical science field needs to also study advanced mathematics, chemistry, physics and computer science as well as a specialty in physical science. An aspiring scientist should be detail oriented and be prepared for years of research in the field as well as the science laboratory and if she wants to advance beyond entry-level positions, she needs to be able to commit to four to seven years of graduate study in physical science.
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Molecular Biologist
1. A molecular biologist researches how the cells of an organism are organized, how the cells function by themselves and in relation to other cells and what effect each cell has on how the entire organism functions, on sometimes more importantly how it does not function, on a day-to-day basis. A molecular biologist works in college and university research labs, teaches as a professor or assistant professor or works as a researcher in private laboratories. You can get a job in the field with a Bachelor of Science Degree. It can take as long as seven years to complete graduate school and get a Doctorate, but you will need one if you want to do research at the college or university level.
Paleontologist
2. A paleontologist studies all types of fossils--wood, bones and anything else that is from a past time. A paleontologist's mission is to reconstruct the history of life on Earth. Some paleontologists focus on evolution while others may work on the climate changes of years ago, how they affect us today and what they can tell about the ecology of the future. A paleontologist can work for museums, government, private research laboratories and colleges and universities as a researcher and professor. You will need at least a Master's degree for most jobs. For academic jobs, you would need a Doctorate. There are very few degrees in paleontology itself. In most cases you would take a degree in geology that offers casework in paleontology.
Zoologist
3. A zoologist is a biologist who is an expert in the study of animals. A zoologist studies animal behavior as well as how the animal has evolved from its prehistoric ancestors and how the animal relates to its environment. He also may be involved in research relating to diseases and genetics. A zoologist can work for the government specializing in fields like wildlife management, conservation and agriculture. He can also work in zoos and museums. Those who have a Bachelor's degree with zoology or biology as a major can get entry-level jobs, but in order to advance you need a Masters and to do research at the college or university level, you need a doctorate.
Having problem with Formula for Density keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Ecologist
4. An ecologist does research on every part of an ecosystem, including how different species interact with one another and how they impact the environment. An ecologist will have a specialty in one field in particular, such as botany, marine biology, microbiology, soil science, toxicology or zoology. An ecologist can find work in many different places, including the government, colleges and universities, private research companies and companies that manufacture products that can affect the environment. An ecologist needs at least one Bachelor's degree. For research, you need at least a Master's and for college level research, a Doctorate.
Please express your views of this topic Electric Field Strength by commenting on blog.
Molecular Biologist
1. A molecular biologist researches how the cells of an organism are organized, how the cells function by themselves and in relation to other cells and what effect each cell has on how the entire organism functions, on sometimes more importantly how it does not function, on a day-to-day basis. A molecular biologist works in college and university research labs, teaches as a professor or assistant professor or works as a researcher in private laboratories. You can get a job in the field with a Bachelor of Science Degree. It can take as long as seven years to complete graduate school and get a Doctorate, but you will need one if you want to do research at the college or university level.
Paleontologist
2. A paleontologist studies all types of fossils--wood, bones and anything else that is from a past time. A paleontologist's mission is to reconstruct the history of life on Earth. Some paleontologists focus on evolution while others may work on the climate changes of years ago, how they affect us today and what they can tell about the ecology of the future. A paleontologist can work for museums, government, private research laboratories and colleges and universities as a researcher and professor. You will need at least a Master's degree for most jobs. For academic jobs, you would need a Doctorate. There are very few degrees in paleontology itself. In most cases you would take a degree in geology that offers casework in paleontology.
Zoologist
3. A zoologist is a biologist who is an expert in the study of animals. A zoologist studies animal behavior as well as how the animal has evolved from its prehistoric ancestors and how the animal relates to its environment. He also may be involved in research relating to diseases and genetics. A zoologist can work for the government specializing in fields like wildlife management, conservation and agriculture. He can also work in zoos and museums. Those who have a Bachelor's degree with zoology or biology as a major can get entry-level jobs, but in order to advance you need a Masters and to do research at the college or university level, you need a doctorate.
Having problem with Formula for Density keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Ecologist
4. An ecologist does research on every part of an ecosystem, including how different species interact with one another and how they impact the environment. An ecologist will have a specialty in one field in particular, such as botany, marine biology, microbiology, soil science, toxicology or zoology. An ecologist can find work in many different places, including the government, colleges and universities, private research companies and companies that manufacture products that can affect the environment. An ecologist needs at least one Bachelor's degree. For research, you need at least a Master's and for college level research, a Doctorate.
Theory of Hydrogen Atom
With the discovery of the particle of atom by Gold stein, Thomson and Chadwick the need of atomic model had a great importance. J.J. Thomson suggested the "plum pudding" model. The atom consisted of subatomic particles called protons and electrons. In this model the electrons and protons are uniformly mixed throughout the atom. However, it was not clear how these protons and electrons were arranged within the atom. I like to share this Angular Velocity Formula with you all through my article.
Rutherford reasoned that if Thom son's model was correct then the mass of the atom was spread out throughout the atom. Then, if he shot high velocity alpha particles (helium nuclei) at an atom then there would be very little to deflect the alpha particles. He decided to test this with a thin film of gold atoms. As expected, most alpha particles went right through the gold foil but to his amazement a few alpha particles rebounded almost directly backwards. Rutherford was forced to discard the Plum Pudding model and reasoned that the only way the alpha particles could be deflected backwards was if most of the mass in an atom was concentrated in a nucleus. He thus developed the planetary model of the atom which put all the protons in the nucleus and the electrons orbited around the nucleus like planets around the sun. Electrons move round the nucleus in an elliptical orbit. So his model is named as planetary model of atom. He was unable explain about the states of an atoms and could not explain why electron would not lose or gain energy as long as it moves in a specific orbit his proposal was a failure. After the failure of Rutherford elliptical atomic model of hydrogen, Neil Bohr introduced his circular model of Hydrogen atom.
Bohr hydrogen atom
1) Electron moves around the nucleus in a circular orbit. The centrifugal force of the electron moving in the circular orbit is balanced by the coulombs force of attraction between the electron and the nucleus.
mV^2 /R = ke^2 /R^2
2) For the electron moving in an orbit, the orbital angular momentum is equal to integral multiple of h /2 p
mV R = n h / 2 p
3) As long as the electron moves in a particular orbit it neither loses nor gains energy. This state is called stationary state. The total energy of a revolving electron in one of the stationary state remains constant.
4) When an electron jumps from one orbit to the other, either energy is released or absorbed. When an electron jumps from higher stationary state to a lower stationary state, energy is liberated. The difference in the energy states is proportional to the frequency of the emission of radiation.
E2 – E1 = h v
Having problem with Alternate Current keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Short coming of Bohr Hydrogen atomic model
1) The theory could not explain the spectra of atoms complex than hydrogen.
2) The theory could explain the distribution and arrangement of electrons in an orbit in the atom.
3) The theory could not explain the fine structure of atoms.
4) The theory could not explain splitting of spectral lines due to electrical (stark effect) and magnetic field (Zeeeman effect).
Rutherford reasoned that if Thom son's model was correct then the mass of the atom was spread out throughout the atom. Then, if he shot high velocity alpha particles (helium nuclei) at an atom then there would be very little to deflect the alpha particles. He decided to test this with a thin film of gold atoms. As expected, most alpha particles went right through the gold foil but to his amazement a few alpha particles rebounded almost directly backwards. Rutherford was forced to discard the Plum Pudding model and reasoned that the only way the alpha particles could be deflected backwards was if most of the mass in an atom was concentrated in a nucleus. He thus developed the planetary model of the atom which put all the protons in the nucleus and the electrons orbited around the nucleus like planets around the sun. Electrons move round the nucleus in an elliptical orbit. So his model is named as planetary model of atom. He was unable explain about the states of an atoms and could not explain why electron would not lose or gain energy as long as it moves in a specific orbit his proposal was a failure. After the failure of Rutherford elliptical atomic model of hydrogen, Neil Bohr introduced his circular model of Hydrogen atom.
Bohr hydrogen atom
1) Electron moves around the nucleus in a circular orbit. The centrifugal force of the electron moving in the circular orbit is balanced by the coulombs force of attraction between the electron and the nucleus.
mV^2 /R = ke^2 /R^2
2) For the electron moving in an orbit, the orbital angular momentum is equal to integral multiple of h /2 p
mV R = n h / 2 p
3) As long as the electron moves in a particular orbit it neither loses nor gains energy. This state is called stationary state. The total energy of a revolving electron in one of the stationary state remains constant.
4) When an electron jumps from one orbit to the other, either energy is released or absorbed. When an electron jumps from higher stationary state to a lower stationary state, energy is liberated. The difference in the energy states is proportional to the frequency of the emission of radiation.
E2 – E1 = h v
Having problem with Alternate Current keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Short coming of Bohr Hydrogen atomic model
1) The theory could not explain the spectra of atoms complex than hydrogen.
2) The theory could explain the distribution and arrangement of electrons in an orbit in the atom.
3) The theory could not explain the fine structure of atoms.
4) The theory could not explain splitting of spectral lines due to electrical (stark effect) and magnetic field (Zeeeman effect).
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