Introduction to evolution theory:
Evolution is the change in the traits that an organism inherits over successive generations. This has been observed in various animals. The scientifically accepted theory that explains evolution is the one put forward by Charles Darwin. We call this the "Theory of Evolution"
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Why is it a theory?
In general, a theory means a speculation, an opinion or a conjecture. However, in science, the word has a different meaning. A scientific theory is a framework of interconnected statements that explains the phenomena behind observed facts. These statements are well supported by observed facts and calculations, and can be tested by using experiments. If the theory is falsified, that is, it fails to predict or explain any new observation, the theory is modified, or abandoned in favor of a better theory. Some examples of theories are the theory of gravitation and the theory of relativity. In this context, the theory of evolution is the framework that explains how species evolve over time.
Theory of evolution in physics:
Some of the facts that a good theory of evolution should explain are:
A lot of different species exist today of which some are very similar to each other and some are dissimilar.
There are a large number of extinct species in the fossil record.
A change in the inherited traits has been observed in the laboratory when studying species that reproduce rapidly.Please express your views of this topic Second Law of Thermodynamics Evolution by commenting on blog.
Some of the other theories that attempt to explain these facts are:
Lamarckism - Animals pass on the characteristics that they acquire during their lifetime to their offspring
Catastrophism - Changes in species occur due to natural catastrophes like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions which change the landscape, and force animals to adapt to their new surroundings
Orthogenesis - Life progresses in a certain direction due to some internal or external driving force, and that this force is the reason for the appearance of new species.
All these theories explain some parts of the observed facts, but not all of them. Currently, the theory of evolution is the best theory that supports the observable facts, and allows us to make predictions.
Thursday, March 28, 2013
Where Are Neutrons Located
Introduction to where are neutrons located:
Atom word has been derived from Greek, which means inseparable or indivisible. Actually the Greeks discovered that matter can be divided into tiny sub particles called atoms.An atom consists of three important kinds of subatomic particles – electron, neutron and proton. Some atoms do not have neutrons.The protons and neutrons are found to be grouped together in a central area called the nucleus. The electrons surround the nucleus in the form a cloud. The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
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Properties of protons, neutrons and electrons:
Mass: The mass of atom or atomic mass is the total mass of neutrons, protons, and electrons. The mass that of subatomic particles is measured in atomic mass units (amu) called Daltons. One amu (or Dalton) is approximately 1.7 X 10-24g.
The mass of protons and neutrons is approximately 1 amu. The mass of an electron is negligible. The total mass of an atom is mostly due to the mass of protons and neutrons. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons.
Charge: Charge is a state in which particles either attract or repel each other. Two particles that have opposite charges such as positive and negative attract each other. Particles that have the same charge, repel each other; they are both either negative or positive.
Atoms are neutral- no charge or the charges cancel each other.
In the nucleus, protons has a positive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge i.e., they are neutral. Electrons has negative charge (-) and move in the region of orbitals more or less the nucleus.The number of the protons is equal to the number of the electrons; therefore the overall charge is zero.
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Conclusion to where be neutrons located:
From the discussion, we can conclude that the proton number in an element is invariable or constant but the number of neutrons may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary. These types of an element are known as the isotopes.
Atom word has been derived from Greek, which means inseparable or indivisible. Actually the Greeks discovered that matter can be divided into tiny sub particles called atoms.An atom consists of three important kinds of subatomic particles – electron, neutron and proton. Some atoms do not have neutrons.The protons and neutrons are found to be grouped together in a central area called the nucleus. The electrons surround the nucleus in the form a cloud. The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
I like to share this convert celsius to fahrenheit equation with you all through my article.
Properties of protons, neutrons and electrons:
Mass: The mass of atom or atomic mass is the total mass of neutrons, protons, and electrons. The mass that of subatomic particles is measured in atomic mass units (amu) called Daltons. One amu (or Dalton) is approximately 1.7 X 10-24g.
The mass of protons and neutrons is approximately 1 amu. The mass of an electron is negligible. The total mass of an atom is mostly due to the mass of protons and neutrons. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons.
Charge: Charge is a state in which particles either attract or repel each other. Two particles that have opposite charges such as positive and negative attract each other. Particles that have the same charge, repel each other; they are both either negative or positive.
Atoms are neutral- no charge or the charges cancel each other.
In the nucleus, protons has a positive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge i.e., they are neutral. Electrons has negative charge (-) and move in the region of orbitals more or less the nucleus.The number of the protons is equal to the number of the electrons; therefore the overall charge is zero.
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Conclusion to where be neutrons located:
From the discussion, we can conclude that the proton number in an element is invariable or constant but the number of neutrons may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary. These types of an element are known as the isotopes.
What is Vacuum Energy
Vacuum Energy Drive
A hypothetical form of propulsion based on the discovery that a vacuum, far from being a pocket of nothingness, actually churns and seethes with unseen activity. This cosmic unrest is caused by quantum fluctuations, tiny ripples of energy – so-called zero-points – in the fabric of spacetime. By interfering with these fluctuations, it may be possible to tap their energy (see zero point energy). So far, only relatively crude demonstrations of the power of quantum fluctuations have been carried out. In one set of experiments, carried out by physicists led by the late Nobel Prize winner Hendrik Casimir (see Casimir effect, two metal plates were clamped and held together by zero-point forces. The crucial point is that the plates were brought together with a force that heated them up very slightly. This isn't enough to run a starship, but it demonstrated that it is possible to tap the energy field of a vacuum and turn it into power. One proposal for creating a quantum fluctuation space-drive is based on the idea that these tiny energy ripples hold objects back as they fly through space. They are responsible for the phenomenon of inertia. If we could counter this effect, rockets would need much less fuel to overcome their own inertia, and would fly through space with far less effort. I like to share this formula to convert fahrenheit to celsius with you all through my article.
"The existence of an actual vacuum was a subject of debate among scientists from Aristotle into the twentieth century. Since light, magnetic fields and heat all travel through a vacuum, something must be there. Borrowing a word from Aristotle, scientists described various kinds of 'aethers' that exist in even the hardest vacuum and that pervade space. Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism reduced these different types to just one, called the ether. Various experiments were developed to detect this ether, of which the most famous was the Michelson-Morley experiment, which failed to find it. Finally, in 1905, Einstein banished the ether by means of special relativity and allowed the true vacuum to exist. Please express your views of this topic Electric Current Formula by commenting on blog.
"But not for long. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle of 1927 led particle physicists to predict that particles would arise spontaneously from the vacuum, so long as they disappeared before violating the uncertainty principle. The quantum vacuum is a very active place, with all sorts of particles appearing and disappearing. Careful experiments have demonstrated that the quantum theorists are correct in this interpretation of the vacuum... Furthermore, starting in 1980 with the theory of the inflationary universe, particle physicists have told us that the entire universe was created as a 'false vacuum', a quantum vacuum that has more energy in its nothingness than it should. The decay of that particular vacuum to an ordinary quantum vacuum produced all the mass in the universe and started the Big Bang."
A hypothetical form of propulsion based on the discovery that a vacuum, far from being a pocket of nothingness, actually churns and seethes with unseen activity. This cosmic unrest is caused by quantum fluctuations, tiny ripples of energy – so-called zero-points – in the fabric of spacetime. By interfering with these fluctuations, it may be possible to tap their energy (see zero point energy). So far, only relatively crude demonstrations of the power of quantum fluctuations have been carried out. In one set of experiments, carried out by physicists led by the late Nobel Prize winner Hendrik Casimir (see Casimir effect, two metal plates were clamped and held together by zero-point forces. The crucial point is that the plates were brought together with a force that heated them up very slightly. This isn't enough to run a starship, but it demonstrated that it is possible to tap the energy field of a vacuum and turn it into power. One proposal for creating a quantum fluctuation space-drive is based on the idea that these tiny energy ripples hold objects back as they fly through space. They are responsible for the phenomenon of inertia. If we could counter this effect, rockets would need much less fuel to overcome their own inertia, and would fly through space with far less effort. I like to share this formula to convert fahrenheit to celsius with you all through my article.
"The existence of an actual vacuum was a subject of debate among scientists from Aristotle into the twentieth century. Since light, magnetic fields and heat all travel through a vacuum, something must be there. Borrowing a word from Aristotle, scientists described various kinds of 'aethers' that exist in even the hardest vacuum and that pervade space. Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism reduced these different types to just one, called the ether. Various experiments were developed to detect this ether, of which the most famous was the Michelson-Morley experiment, which failed to find it. Finally, in 1905, Einstein banished the ether by means of special relativity and allowed the true vacuum to exist. Please express your views of this topic Electric Current Formula by commenting on blog.
"But not for long. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle of 1927 led particle physicists to predict that particles would arise spontaneously from the vacuum, so long as they disappeared before violating the uncertainty principle. The quantum vacuum is a very active place, with all sorts of particles appearing and disappearing. Careful experiments have demonstrated that the quantum theorists are correct in this interpretation of the vacuum... Furthermore, starting in 1980 with the theory of the inflationary universe, particle physicists have told us that the entire universe was created as a 'false vacuum', a quantum vacuum that has more energy in its nothingness than it should. The decay of that particular vacuum to an ordinary quantum vacuum produced all the mass in the universe and started the Big Bang."
Saturday, March 23, 2013
Reflection of Waves
Like particles Waves also carry energy and momentum, and whenever a wave encounters an obstacle, they are reflected by the obstacle. This reflection of waves is responsible for echoes, radar detectors, and for allowing standing waves which are so important to sound production in musical instruments. Let a wave pulse on a string moving from left to right towards the end which is rigidly clamped. As the wave pulse approaches the fixed end, the internal restoring forces which allow the wave to propagate exert an upward force on the end of the string. But, since the end is clamped, it cannot move. According to Newton's third law, the wall must be exerting an equal downward force on the end of the string. This new force creates a wave pulse that propagates from right to left, with the same speed and amplitude as the incident wave, but with opposite polarity (upside down).
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Now let a wave pulse on a string moving from left to right towards the end which is free to move vertically (Imagin the string tied to a massess ring which slides frictionlessly up and down a vertical pole ). The net vertical force at the free end must be zero. This boundary condition is mathematically equivalent to requiring that the slope of the string displacement be zero at the free end (look closely at the movie to verify that this is true). The reflected wave pulse propagates from right to left, with the same speed and amplitude as the incident wave, and with the same polarity (right-side up).
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The reflection of sound follows the law "angle of incidence equals angle of reflection", also called the law of reflection. Light and other waves also show the same behavior, and by the bounce of a billiard ball off the bank of a table. The reflected waves can interfere with incident waves, producing patterns of constructive and destructive interference. This can lead to resonances called standing waves in rooms. It also means that the sound intensity near a hard surface is enhanced because the reflected wave adds to the incident wave, giving a pressure amplitude that is twice as great in a thin "pressure zone" near the surface. This is used in pressure zone microphones to increase sensitivity. The doubling of pressure gives a 6 decibel increase in the signal picked up by the microphone. Reflection of waves in strings and air columns are essential to the production of resonant standing waves in those systems.
Having problem with Gravitational Potential Energy Problems keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Now let a wave pulse on a string moving from left to right towards the end which is free to move vertically (Imagin the string tied to a massess ring which slides frictionlessly up and down a vertical pole ). The net vertical force at the free end must be zero. This boundary condition is mathematically equivalent to requiring that the slope of the string displacement be zero at the free end (look closely at the movie to verify that this is true). The reflected wave pulse propagates from right to left, with the same speed and amplitude as the incident wave, and with the same polarity (right-side up).
Please express your views of this topic parallel plate capacitors by commenting on blog.
The reflection of sound follows the law "angle of incidence equals angle of reflection", also called the law of reflection. Light and other waves also show the same behavior, and by the bounce of a billiard ball off the bank of a table. The reflected waves can interfere with incident waves, producing patterns of constructive and destructive interference. This can lead to resonances called standing waves in rooms. It also means that the sound intensity near a hard surface is enhanced because the reflected wave adds to the incident wave, giving a pressure amplitude that is twice as great in a thin "pressure zone" near the surface. This is used in pressure zone microphones to increase sensitivity. The doubling of pressure gives a 6 decibel increase in the signal picked up by the microphone. Reflection of waves in strings and air columns are essential to the production of resonant standing waves in those systems.
Kinetic Energy Increases
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
Many problems in physics require an application of kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is a form of energy that represents the
energy of motion. It is a scalar quantity, which means it has a magnitude but not a direction. It is, therefore, always
positive (as will be evident when we see the equation that defines it).
Deriving Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is closely linked with the concept of work, which is the scalar product (or dot product) of force and the.Is this topic Average Kinetic Energy hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
displacement vector over which the force is applied.
Using some basic kinematics equations, we obtain an equation for the acceleration of an object which changes speed. (In the
following equation, the term x - x0 has been replaced by s, a term which represents the total distance of displacement.)
v2 = v02 + 2as
therefore,
a = ( v2 - v02 ) / 2s
Applying Newton's Second Law of Motion, F = ma, we get:
F = ma = m ( v2 - v02 ) / 2s
and, multiplying by the distance s (for work) and breaking it apart, we get:
W = Fs = 0.5mv2 - 0.5mv02
The kinetic energy, K (or sometimes Ek) is, therefore, defined as:
K = 0.5mv2
It should be noted that, as mentioned before, this quantity will always be a non-zero scalar quantity. If the object has
mass and is moving, it will always be positive. It will be zero in the case of a massless object or an object at rest (zero
velocity). The kinetic energy equation, therefore, gives us no information about the direction of the motion, only about
the speed.
Work-Energy Theorem
The work-energy theorem comes from the above derivation, and indicates that the work done by an external force on a
particle is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the particle. Mathematically, then, you get:
Wtot = K2 - K1 = delta-K
Using Kinetic Energy
In addition to obtaining the work done, the kinetic energy equation is used frequently in conjunction with other forms of
energy. Due to the law of conservation of energy, we know that the total energy in a closed system will remain constant. Having problem with distance physics formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Therefore, analyzing the kinetic energy along with, say, gravitational potential energy allows us to figure out certain
factors of the motion.
End of Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
Many problems in physics require an application of kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is a form of energy that represents the
energy of motion. It is a scalar quantity, which means it has a magnitude but not a direction. It is, therefore, always
positive (as will be evident when we see the equation that defines it).
Deriving Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is closely linked with the concept of work, which is the scalar product (or dot product) of force and the.Is this topic Average Kinetic Energy hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
displacement vector over which the force is applied.
Using some basic kinematics equations, we obtain an equation for the acceleration of an object which changes speed. (In the
following equation, the term x - x0 has been replaced by s, a term which represents the total distance of displacement.)
v2 = v02 + 2as
therefore,
a = ( v2 - v02 ) / 2s
Applying Newton's Second Law of Motion, F = ma, we get:
F = ma = m ( v2 - v02 ) / 2s
and, multiplying by the distance s (for work) and breaking it apart, we get:
W = Fs = 0.5mv2 - 0.5mv02
The kinetic energy, K (or sometimes Ek) is, therefore, defined as:
K = 0.5mv2
It should be noted that, as mentioned before, this quantity will always be a non-zero scalar quantity. If the object has
mass and is moving, it will always be positive. It will be zero in the case of a massless object or an object at rest (zero
velocity). The kinetic energy equation, therefore, gives us no information about the direction of the motion, only about
the speed.
Work-Energy Theorem
The work-energy theorem comes from the above derivation, and indicates that the work done by an external force on a
particle is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the particle. Mathematically, then, you get:
Wtot = K2 - K1 = delta-K
Using Kinetic Energy
In addition to obtaining the work done, the kinetic energy equation is used frequently in conjunction with other forms of
energy. Due to the law of conservation of energy, we know that the total energy in a closed system will remain constant. Having problem with distance physics formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Therefore, analyzing the kinetic energy along with, say, gravitational potential energy allows us to figure out certain
factors of the motion.
End of Kinetic Energy
Friday, March 22, 2013
Gravity Constant
Introduction to Gravity Constant
In order to understand Gravity constant one must first understand the concept of Gravity.
Gravity is a force which tends to pull 2 or more bodies inwards or outwards. Gravity between Sun and Earth pulls the Earth towards the Sun but due to Earths own Gravitational Force it tends to push itself away from the Sun. This Push-Pull configuration results in a circular( or more precisely an elliptical ) motion of the Earth around the Sun. Same is applicable for the orbital motion of the Moon and the Earth.
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Gravity Constant : Satellites
However do not apply this theory for the satellites as the satellites operate on the Centripetal Force due their Orbiting Velocity around the Earth. The fundamental Difference between a Natural and an Artificial Satellite is that a Natural Satellite has its own Gravity where as an artificial Satellite doesn't have its own Gravity.
Now Newton studied this phenomenon and put forth the following discussion
Fα mM/R^2 i.e. The force between 2 bodies with masses m and M is directional proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the Distance R between them provided that the 2 masses are comparable to each other. But every proportionality should be substituted to equality. Hence this proportionality has been converted to equality by introducing the Gravitational Constant also called the Big G , or the Newtons Constant.
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Gravity Constant : Calculation
It is very difficult to calculate the Gravitational constant. It was calculated on the basis of general cause and effect or push-pull behaviour of two bodies with significant masses. Its value has been calculated as G=6.674 x 10^-11 Nm^2 /kg^2 which is also an approximate value.
It is very difficult to understand how we got this value as it took decades of research and experimentation to actually calculate its value. Gravity being the weakest force of the 3 Fundamental forces viz. Nuclear and Electromagnetic wherein Nuclear Force is the Strongest..Also experimentation for calculations of the Gravitational constant was less physical and more mathematical as it is difficult to do actual experiment due to the Gravitational Pull of the earth.
Earth Attracts all bodies towards itself equally and hence everything whether big or small whether a small cricket ball or a large canon ball when thrown from the roof of a building falls down at the same "rate". Now when i say rate i mean acceleration. In introduced this topic as many students get confused between G and g. G is the Gravitational Constant as discussed with respect to the Force of Gravity. Where as g is the gravitational acceleration. its valued at approx 9.8m/s2 . However there is a numerical difference between these values at the Equator and at the Pole. its more at the Equator and lesser at the Poles. This id due to Oblong shape of the Earth.
When 2 bodies fall freely ( by freely means there is no other friction acting between then other than air which is almost negligible) they fall at the same rate because the force between the body and the Earth cannot be calculated as the Mass of earth and that of any body on earth cannot be compared as Mass of Earth is an astronomical figure. Hence a free falling body falls with a velocity ( or acceleration) which is independent of its Mass. Of course a Feather would obviously fall at a slower rate as the friction of air acts on it. But if ti was to be dropped in vacuum then even a feather and a canon ball would fall from the same height and still reach the surface at the same time.
In order to understand Gravity constant one must first understand the concept of Gravity.
Gravity is a force which tends to pull 2 or more bodies inwards or outwards. Gravity between Sun and Earth pulls the Earth towards the Sun but due to Earths own Gravitational Force it tends to push itself away from the Sun. This Push-Pull configuration results in a circular( or more precisely an elliptical ) motion of the Earth around the Sun. Same is applicable for the orbital motion of the Moon and the Earth.
I like to share this Formula for Gravity with you all through my article.
Gravity Constant : Satellites
However do not apply this theory for the satellites as the satellites operate on the Centripetal Force due their Orbiting Velocity around the Earth. The fundamental Difference between a Natural and an Artificial Satellite is that a Natural Satellite has its own Gravity where as an artificial Satellite doesn't have its own Gravity.
Now Newton studied this phenomenon and put forth the following discussion
Fα mM/R^2 i.e. The force between 2 bodies with masses m and M is directional proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the Distance R between them provided that the 2 masses are comparable to each other. But every proportionality should be substituted to equality. Hence this proportionality has been converted to equality by introducing the Gravitational Constant also called the Big G , or the Newtons Constant.
Please express your views of this topic paper capacitor by commenting on blog
Gravity Constant : Calculation
It is very difficult to calculate the Gravitational constant. It was calculated on the basis of general cause and effect or push-pull behaviour of two bodies with significant masses. Its value has been calculated as G=6.674 x 10^-11 Nm^2 /kg^2 which is also an approximate value.
It is very difficult to understand how we got this value as it took decades of research and experimentation to actually calculate its value. Gravity being the weakest force of the 3 Fundamental forces viz. Nuclear and Electromagnetic wherein Nuclear Force is the Strongest..Also experimentation for calculations of the Gravitational constant was less physical and more mathematical as it is difficult to do actual experiment due to the Gravitational Pull of the earth.
Earth Attracts all bodies towards itself equally and hence everything whether big or small whether a small cricket ball or a large canon ball when thrown from the roof of a building falls down at the same "rate". Now when i say rate i mean acceleration. In introduced this topic as many students get confused between G and g. G is the Gravitational Constant as discussed with respect to the Force of Gravity. Where as g is the gravitational acceleration. its valued at approx 9.8m/s2 . However there is a numerical difference between these values at the Equator and at the Pole. its more at the Equator and lesser at the Poles. This id due to Oblong shape of the Earth.
When 2 bodies fall freely ( by freely means there is no other friction acting between then other than air which is almost negligible) they fall at the same rate because the force between the body and the Earth cannot be calculated as the Mass of earth and that of any body on earth cannot be compared as Mass of Earth is an astronomical figure. Hence a free falling body falls with a velocity ( or acceleration) which is independent of its Mass. Of course a Feather would obviously fall at a slower rate as the friction of air acts on it. But if ti was to be dropped in vacuum then even a feather and a canon ball would fall from the same height and still reach the surface at the same time.
Thursday, March 14, 2013
What Are Three Simple Machines
Introduction to what are three simple machines:
The simple machine is the devices, which can make the work to be more and more easier. For example, door handles, bottle opener, wheels etc. Simple machines are also used in heavy and complicated machines also. In our daily life we cannot able to do all the works by their own so need simple machines. A simple machine is a device that increases the force, which we applied. A complex machine is the combination of two or more simple machines. Please express your views of this topic Buoyancy Force Formula by commenting on blog.
Three simple machines:
There are three simple machines:
1) levers
2) wheel and axle
3) inclined plane.
Explanation of three simple machines:
1) A lever is a device, which is pivoted with a fixed point called fulcrum. The lever turns against the fulcrum. There three types of levers are Class I, class II and class III levers. In class, one lever the fulcrum is in between the load and effort. The example of class I lever is seesaw. In class II lever the load is in between the fulcrum and effort. The example of class II lever is wheelbarrow. In class III lever the effort is in between the fulcrum and load. The example of class III lever is our arm. Again, we say that the class I lever is categorized in three types. Type A means in which the fulcrum is exactly in the middle of load and effort, this only changes the direction of motion. Type B means in which the fulcrum is closer to the load, this increases the force and hence changes the direction. Type C means in which the fulcrum is closer to effort, this increases speed and distance so that it helps to change the direction. Is this topic Large Rare Earth Magnets hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
2) The wheel and axle are used to move the objects, even the distance of the objects is large from axle. First the axle turns so that the movement in the whole body. For example, the motion of a fan. In case of the fan the axle turns so that the blades also turn. Nowadays, we use pulleys in place of wheel and axle to lift heavy loads.
3) The inclined plane is like a slope, and it is a simplest form of the simple machine. For example, a ramp which is used for pulling or pushing the very heavy loads.
The simple machine is the devices, which can make the work to be more and more easier. For example, door handles, bottle opener, wheels etc. Simple machines are also used in heavy and complicated machines also. In our daily life we cannot able to do all the works by their own so need simple machines. A simple machine is a device that increases the force, which we applied. A complex machine is the combination of two or more simple machines. Please express your views of this topic Buoyancy Force Formula by commenting on blog.
Three simple machines:
There are three simple machines:
1) levers
2) wheel and axle
3) inclined plane.
Explanation of three simple machines:
1) A lever is a device, which is pivoted with a fixed point called fulcrum. The lever turns against the fulcrum. There three types of levers are Class I, class II and class III levers. In class, one lever the fulcrum is in between the load and effort. The example of class I lever is seesaw. In class II lever the load is in between the fulcrum and effort. The example of class II lever is wheelbarrow. In class III lever the effort is in between the fulcrum and load. The example of class III lever is our arm. Again, we say that the class I lever is categorized in three types. Type A means in which the fulcrum is exactly in the middle of load and effort, this only changes the direction of motion. Type B means in which the fulcrum is closer to the load, this increases the force and hence changes the direction. Type C means in which the fulcrum is closer to effort, this increases speed and distance so that it helps to change the direction. Is this topic Large Rare Earth Magnets hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
2) The wheel and axle are used to move the objects, even the distance of the objects is large from axle. First the axle turns so that the movement in the whole body. For example, the motion of a fan. In case of the fan the axle turns so that the blades also turn. Nowadays, we use pulleys in place of wheel and axle to lift heavy loads.
3) The inclined plane is like a slope, and it is a simplest form of the simple machine. For example, a ramp which is used for pulling or pushing the very heavy loads.
Examples of Elastic Collision
A collision is an event where momentum or kinetic energy is transferred from one object to another. Momentum (p) is the product of mass and velocity (p = mv). A large truck massing 10,000 kg and moving at 2 meters/sec has the same momentum as a 1,000 kg compact car moving at 20 meters/sec; they both have p = 20,000 kg m/sec. The other quantity that can be transferred in a collision is kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion; it is defined as K = (1/2) m v^2. The relationship between kinetic energy and mass is linear, which means that a vehicle massing twice as much has twice as much kinetic energy. The relationship between kinetic energy and velocity is exponential, which means that as you increase your speed, kinetic energy increases dramatically. Please express your views of this topic Formula for Centripetal Force by commenting on blog.
There are two general types of collisions in physics: elastic and inelastic. An inelastic collisions occurs when two objects collide and do not bounce away from each other.
Momentum is conserved, because the total momentum of both objects before and after the collision is the same. However, kinetic energy is not conserved. Some of the kinetic energy is converted into sound, heat, and deformation of the objects. A high speed car collision is an inelastic collision. In the above example, if you calculated the momentum of the cars before the collision and added it together, it would be equal to the momentum after the collision when the two cars are stuck together. However, if you calculated the kinetic energy before and after the collision, you would find some of it had been converted to other forms of energy.
In an elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. Almost no energy is lost to sound, heat, or deformation. The first rubber ball deforms, but then quickly bounces back to its former shape, and transfers almost all the kinetic energy to the second ball.
A car's bumper works by using this principle to prevent damage. In a low speed collision, the kinetic energy is small enough that the bumper can deform and then bounce back, transferring all the energy directly back into motion. Almost no energy is converted into heat, noise, or damage to the body of the car, as it would in an inelastic collision. Is this topic Define Emp hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
However, car bumpers are often made to collapse if the speed is high enough, and not use the benefits of an elastic collision. The rational is that if you are going to collide with something at a high speed, it is better to allow the kinetic energy to crumple the bumper in an inelastic collision than let the bumper shake you around as your car bounces in an elastic collision. Making their bumpers this way benefits the car companies: they get to sell you a new bumper, and you can't sue them for whiplash.
There are two general types of collisions in physics: elastic and inelastic. An inelastic collisions occurs when two objects collide and do not bounce away from each other.
Momentum is conserved, because the total momentum of both objects before and after the collision is the same. However, kinetic energy is not conserved. Some of the kinetic energy is converted into sound, heat, and deformation of the objects. A high speed car collision is an inelastic collision. In the above example, if you calculated the momentum of the cars before the collision and added it together, it would be equal to the momentum after the collision when the two cars are stuck together. However, if you calculated the kinetic energy before and after the collision, you would find some of it had been converted to other forms of energy.
In an elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. Almost no energy is lost to sound, heat, or deformation. The first rubber ball deforms, but then quickly bounces back to its former shape, and transfers almost all the kinetic energy to the second ball.
A car's bumper works by using this principle to prevent damage. In a low speed collision, the kinetic energy is small enough that the bumper can deform and then bounce back, transferring all the energy directly back into motion. Almost no energy is converted into heat, noise, or damage to the body of the car, as it would in an inelastic collision. Is this topic Define Emp hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
However, car bumpers are often made to collapse if the speed is high enough, and not use the benefits of an elastic collision. The rational is that if you are going to collide with something at a high speed, it is better to allow the kinetic energy to crumple the bumper in an inelastic collision than let the bumper shake you around as your car bounces in an elastic collision. Making their bumpers this way benefits the car companies: they get to sell you a new bumper, and you can't sue them for whiplash.
Wednesday, March 13, 2013
Physical Properties of Helium
History
(Gr. helios, the sun). Janssen obtained the first evidence of helium during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum. Lockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element. In 1895 Sir William Ramsay in Scotland discovered helium in the uranium mineral clevite while it was independently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists P.T. Cleve and Nils Langlet at about the same time. I like to share this Formula for Buoyancy with you all through my article.
Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that alpha particles are helium nuclei.
Properties
Helium has the lowest melting point of any element and is widely used in cryrogenic research because its boiling point is close to absolute zero. Also, the element is vital in the study of superconductivity.
Using liquid helium, Kurti and co-workers and others, have succeeded in obtaining temperatures of a few microkelvins by the adiabatic demagnetization of copper nuclei.
It has other peculiar properties. Helium is the only liquid that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature. It remains liquid down to absolute zero at ordinary pressures, but it can readily be solidified by increasing the pressure. Solid 3He and 4He are unusual in that both can be changed in volume by more than 30% by applying pressure. Having problem with Large Rare Earth Magnets keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
The specific heat of helium gas is unusually high. The density of helium vapor at the normal boiling point is also very high, with the vapor expanding greatly when heated to room temperature. Containers filled with helium gas at 5 to 10 K should be treated as though they contained liquid helium due to the large increase in pressure resulting from warming the gas to room temperature.
While helium normally has a 0 valence, it seems to have a weak tendency to combine with certain other elements. Means of preparing helium diflouride have been studied, and species such as HeNe and the molecular ions He+ and He++ have been investigated.
Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of 4.002602, which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions. Next to hydrogen, it is the second most abundant element in the universe, and accounts for 24% of the elemental mass of our galaxy.
(Gr. helios, the sun). Janssen obtained the first evidence of helium during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum. Lockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element. In 1895 Sir William Ramsay in Scotland discovered helium in the uranium mineral clevite while it was independently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists P.T. Cleve and Nils Langlet at about the same time. I like to share this Formula for Buoyancy with you all through my article.
Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that alpha particles are helium nuclei.
Properties
Helium has the lowest melting point of any element and is widely used in cryrogenic research because its boiling point is close to absolute zero. Also, the element is vital in the study of superconductivity.
Using liquid helium, Kurti and co-workers and others, have succeeded in obtaining temperatures of a few microkelvins by the adiabatic demagnetization of copper nuclei.
It has other peculiar properties. Helium is the only liquid that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature. It remains liquid down to absolute zero at ordinary pressures, but it can readily be solidified by increasing the pressure. Solid 3He and 4He are unusual in that both can be changed in volume by more than 30% by applying pressure. Having problem with Large Rare Earth Magnets keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
The specific heat of helium gas is unusually high. The density of helium vapor at the normal boiling point is also very high, with the vapor expanding greatly when heated to room temperature. Containers filled with helium gas at 5 to 10 K should be treated as though they contained liquid helium due to the large increase in pressure resulting from warming the gas to room temperature.
While helium normally has a 0 valence, it seems to have a weak tendency to combine with certain other elements. Means of preparing helium diflouride have been studied, and species such as HeNe and the molecular ions He+ and He++ have been investigated.
Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of 4.002602, which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions. Next to hydrogen, it is the second most abundant element in the universe, and accounts for 24% of the elemental mass of our galaxy.
Wednesday, March 6, 2013
Thermal Conductors and Insulators
Introduction to thermal conductors and insulators:
Let us see about thermal conductors and thermal insulators,
A thermal conductor is an object which is used to conduct heat through itself. These objects or elements heat up very soon and also heat up their surroundings also. An insulator is a material which is known as dielectric and it is used to control the flow of electric current. I like to share this Physics Formulas Sheet with you all through my article.
Thermal Conductors:
Let us see about definitions of Thermal Conductors,
These conductors are used for thermal conduction.
By this conduction the thermal energy is transferred through matter.Thermal conductors are elements which having a strong molecular bond. It is used to permit the molecular actions to these elements for moving in a fast manner.
They are used for conduction of heat and electricity in various objects.Their strong atomic structure permits them to be tight conductors of heat.
Examples of thermal conductors:
Usually metals are acting as good materials.
The best materials are carbon and diamond.
The cause for this is that both diamond and carbon having strong molecular bonds in very regular order assembly it simple for molecular vibrations for travel quickly and efficiently through the materials.
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Thermal insulators:
Let us see about definitions of thermal insulators,
An insulating material contains atoms among strongly bonded valence electrons.
These materials are acting as parts of heat apparatus, also known as heat insulators. This process is known as heat insulation.
Thermal insulation is the process of control heat from avoidance a container or from incoming the container by thermal insulators.
In this process the thermal insulators are used to reduce the rate of thermal transfer and this methods need to decrease heat transfer.
Energy produced by the heat will be moved by using the conduction of heat, convection of heat , radiation of heat or by real association of material from one place to another.
These above three processes are resisting by an insulators.
Examples for thermal insulators:
Non-metals are good thermal insulator.
Other thermal insulators are Rubber, tinfoil, wood, cloth, paper, Styrofoam and plastic.
Let us see about thermal conductors and thermal insulators,
A thermal conductor is an object which is used to conduct heat through itself. These objects or elements heat up very soon and also heat up their surroundings also. An insulator is a material which is known as dielectric and it is used to control the flow of electric current. I like to share this Physics Formulas Sheet with you all through my article.
Thermal Conductors:
Let us see about definitions of Thermal Conductors,
These conductors are used for thermal conduction.
By this conduction the thermal energy is transferred through matter.Thermal conductors are elements which having a strong molecular bond. It is used to permit the molecular actions to these elements for moving in a fast manner.
They are used for conduction of heat and electricity in various objects.Their strong atomic structure permits them to be tight conductors of heat.
Examples of thermal conductors:
Usually metals are acting as good materials.
The best materials are carbon and diamond.
The cause for this is that both diamond and carbon having strong molecular bonds in very regular order assembly it simple for molecular vibrations for travel quickly and efficiently through the materials.
Having problem with Emp Bomb Protection keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Thermal insulators:
Let us see about definitions of thermal insulators,
An insulating material contains atoms among strongly bonded valence electrons.
These materials are acting as parts of heat apparatus, also known as heat insulators. This process is known as heat insulation.
Thermal insulation is the process of control heat from avoidance a container or from incoming the container by thermal insulators.
In this process the thermal insulators are used to reduce the rate of thermal transfer and this methods need to decrease heat transfer.
Energy produced by the heat will be moved by using the conduction of heat, convection of heat , radiation of heat or by real association of material from one place to another.
These above three processes are resisting by an insulators.
Examples for thermal insulators:
Non-metals are good thermal insulator.
Other thermal insulators are Rubber, tinfoil, wood, cloth, paper, Styrofoam and plastic.
Simple Pressure Vessel
Introduction to simple pressure vessel:
A simple pressure vessel is a congested bottle intended toward embrace fluid on a force considerably dissimilar as of the pressure. The pressure discrepancy is unsafe as well as several incurable mistakes contain happen in the expansion with function. Consequently the plan, produce, with function is synchronized through manufacturing establishment support positive through regulation. in support of these motivation, the classification of a simple pressure vessel differ as of country excluding engage constraint such like most secure working simple pressure. Please express your views of this topic Equation of Force by commenting on blog.
Shape of a simple pressure vessel:
Simple Pressure vessels might hypothetically exist approximately every form, excluding form complete of segment of globe are typically working. An ordinary plan is a container by finish restriction recognized chief. Chief forms are often also semi-circular. Additional problematical shape contain traditionally be greatly harder toward examine for secure process with are typically distant extra complex to assemble.
Hypothetically, a field would the greatest form of a simple pressure vessel. Regrettably, a round form is hard to produce extra exclusive, consequently mainly simple pressure vessels are cylindrical among 3:1 partially - oblique beginning otherwise finish limit lying on every last part. Simple pressures vessels are accumulating as of a tube with two envelop. Disadvantage of vessels is better distance create additional exclusive, consequently. Is this topic Doppler Effect Examples hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Design and operation standards:
Simple Pressure vessels are intended to function securely on a definite pressure along with temperature, strictly represent toward as the Design Pressure. A vessel to be inefficiently proposed to hold a elevated pressure comprise a extremely important security exposure.
The pressure quantity creation is element of a security normal, several incompressible fluids within the vessel know how to be disqualified since do not supply toward the possible force accumulate during the vessel, thus simply the quantity of element such like gas is utilize.
Various simple pressure vessels are complete of strengthen. Headed for produce a round pressure vessel, fake element would contain toward survive fuse simultaneously. A few automatic belongings of strengthen are improved through form however fuse know how to on occasion condense attractive possessions.
A simple pressure vessel is a congested bottle intended toward embrace fluid on a force considerably dissimilar as of the pressure. The pressure discrepancy is unsafe as well as several incurable mistakes contain happen in the expansion with function. Consequently the plan, produce, with function is synchronized through manufacturing establishment support positive through regulation. in support of these motivation, the classification of a simple pressure vessel differ as of country excluding engage constraint such like most secure working simple pressure. Please express your views of this topic Equation of Force by commenting on blog.
Shape of a simple pressure vessel:
Simple Pressure vessels might hypothetically exist approximately every form, excluding form complete of segment of globe are typically working. An ordinary plan is a container by finish restriction recognized chief. Chief forms are often also semi-circular. Additional problematical shape contain traditionally be greatly harder toward examine for secure process with are typically distant extra complex to assemble.
Hypothetically, a field would the greatest form of a simple pressure vessel. Regrettably, a round form is hard to produce extra exclusive, consequently mainly simple pressure vessels are cylindrical among 3:1 partially - oblique beginning otherwise finish limit lying on every last part. Simple pressures vessels are accumulating as of a tube with two envelop. Disadvantage of vessels is better distance create additional exclusive, consequently. Is this topic Doppler Effect Examples hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Design and operation standards:
Simple Pressure vessels are intended to function securely on a definite pressure along with temperature, strictly represent toward as the Design Pressure. A vessel to be inefficiently proposed to hold a elevated pressure comprise a extremely important security exposure.
The pressure quantity creation is element of a security normal, several incompressible fluids within the vessel know how to be disqualified since do not supply toward the possible force accumulate during the vessel, thus simply the quantity of element such like gas is utilize.
Various simple pressure vessels are complete of strengthen. Headed for produce a round pressure vessel, fake element would contain toward survive fuse simultaneously. A few automatic belongings of strengthen are improved through form however fuse know how to on occasion condense attractive possessions.
Simple Harmonic Motion Mass
Introduction to simple harmonic motion
Simple harmonic motion be the action of an easy harmonic oscillator, a periodic motion specifically neither determined nor damp. Body within easy harmonic motion experience a particular force which be known through Hooke’s law; that is to say, the force be straight relative to the displacement x also point within the opposing direction.Verify time of swinging of a mass on the ending of spring with evaluate the calculated value toward an abstract value specifically base scheduled the mass with the spring stable on the spring.
I like to share this Physics Projectile Motion Formulas with you all through my article.
Simple harmonic motion mass
Consider a mass i.e. within balance on the ending of a spring that is to say execution perpendicularly as of a hold.
Condition the mass be pull behind a little distance also released, the spring exert a restore force= -kx ,
Wherever, X= be the distance - the spring be displace as of stability also k be the spring constant of k=F/X.
The negative symbols indicate to the force be intended for reverse toward the way of the dislocation of the mass.
The rapidity of the mass raise since it travels to its stability point.
It continues toward go over the stability point also stop on a height wherever its possible energy directly equal kinetic energy it have when it moved through the stability point. Since this point to go down again, ahead speed since it decrease. While it move about under the
Stability point, it start toward extend the spring over, with the model of motion be repetitive.
Used for a mass to a perfect, mass less spring, motion is simple harmonic motion. The time of swinging used for an object within simple harmonic motion depends on m, k.Where
m -denote the mass and k- denote the spring constant.
` T =2 pi sqrt(m/k)`
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Since the mass swing up with down, the power modify among kinetic also potential appearance. Condition friction also pull be unobserved, the whole energy of the system be unvarying.
Simple harmonic motion be the action of an easy harmonic oscillator, a periodic motion specifically neither determined nor damp. Body within easy harmonic motion experience a particular force which be known through Hooke’s law; that is to say, the force be straight relative to the displacement x also point within the opposing direction.Verify time of swinging of a mass on the ending of spring with evaluate the calculated value toward an abstract value specifically base scheduled the mass with the spring stable on the spring.
I like to share this Physics Projectile Motion Formulas with you all through my article.
Simple harmonic motion mass
Consider a mass i.e. within balance on the ending of a spring that is to say execution perpendicularly as of a hold.
Condition the mass be pull behind a little distance also released, the spring exert a restore force= -kx ,
Wherever, X= be the distance - the spring be displace as of stability also k be the spring constant of k=F/X.
The negative symbols indicate to the force be intended for reverse toward the way of the dislocation of the mass.
The rapidity of the mass raise since it travels to its stability point.
It continues toward go over the stability point also stop on a height wherever its possible energy directly equal kinetic energy it have when it moved through the stability point. Since this point to go down again, ahead speed since it decrease. While it move about under the
Stability point, it start toward extend the spring over, with the model of motion be repetitive.
Used for a mass to a perfect, mass less spring, motion is simple harmonic motion. The time of swinging used for an object within simple harmonic motion depends on m, k.Where
m -denote the mass and k- denote the spring constant.
` T =2 pi sqrt(m/k)`
Having problem with Permanent Magnet Motor Free Energy keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Since the mass swing up with down, the power modify among kinetic also potential appearance. Condition friction also pull be unobserved, the whole energy of the system be unvarying.
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