High Energy Nuclear Physics

Introduction to High Energy Nuclear Physics:

Presently high energy nuclear physics is one of the experimental study and research field. In which the atomic nuclei and the processes related to it can be studied by us. Basically in high energy nuclear physics we study the heavy ionic collisions which produces a large amount of energy.

In past decades it is not possible to have the high energy nuclear physics experiments in the lab but now it is possible to do it. The basic goal of high energy nuclear physics is to construct a roadmap of matter that will help us to unlock the secrets of how the universe is put together. Having problem with Formula for Torque keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.

What Actually High Energy Nuclear Physics Is

High energy nuclear physics is a experimental and theoretical study of  nuclear matter in high energ y physics regimes. Its primary focus  is the study of heavy-ion collisions.The heavy ions are proton or other hadrons. At sufficient high collision energies these types of collisions produce the the plasma which consist of quarks and gluons. Please express your views of this topic charging a capacitor equation by commenting on blog.

The information on the electromagnetic production of leptons and mesons is easily obtained from high energy nuclear physics which are not accessible in electron and positron colliders due to their small luminosities.

Example of High Energy Nuclear Physics

One of the common example of high energy nuclear physics is our sun. In our sun two hydrogen nucleus are fused to form an helium nucleus and produces a sufficient high energy which is not easy to obtain in the lab.

Another interesting and most known example of high energy nuclear physics is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), in which high energy particle beams of opposite polarity are collides and produce a large amount of energy. By this it can produce a set of new particles which are never known but exists.

Another interesting and current example of  high energy nuclear physics experiments is Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). It is a set of four primary experiments PHENIX, STAR, PHOBOS and BRAHMS which study collisions of highly relativistic nuclei.

Conclusion on High Energy Nuclear Physics:

In conclusion we say that the study of high energy nuclear physics can solve the mystery of universe and other high energy particles.

Equation for Rotational Inertia

Introduction to Equation for Rotational Inertia:

If a body is in rest it cannot starts rotating itself along any axis and if it is in rotational motion it cannot stops itself. So there is an inertia in rotational motion. A quantity that measures the inertia of rotational motion is called rotational inertia or moment of inertia of the body. Rotational inertia plays the similar role in rotational motion as mass plays in linear motion. Rotational inertia is a scalar quantity. Is this topic Buoyant Force Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.

Equation for Rotational Inertia:

The rotational inertia of a rotating body about a given axis is defined as the sum of products of masses of all the particles of the body and squares of their respective distances from the axis of rotation.

Mathematically, the rotational inertia I =

Where, mi is the mass of any particle of elementary mass and ri is the distance of that elementary mass of the particle from axis of rotation. Rotational inertia depends upon the position of the axis of rotation, orientation of the axis of rotation, shape of the object, size of the object and distribution of mass of the object about the axis of rotation. Unit of rotational inertia is kg m2 or g cm2.

Equation of Rotational Inertia and Angular Momentum : Applications

(i) The angular velocity of a planet revolving in an elliptical orbit around the sun increases, when it comes nearer to the sun and the reverse is also true.When a planet revolving around the sun in an elliptical path near the sun, its rotational inertia about the axis through the sun decreases hence, angular speed increases. While on the other hand when the planet is far away from the sun the rotational inertia of the planet about the axis through the sun increases and hence angular speed decreases. I have recently faced lot of problem while learning Ferromagnetic Material, But thank to online resources of math which helped me to learn myself easily on net.

(ii) A girl who is perfect in ballet dancing can increase her angular velocity by folding her arms and bringing the stretched leg close to the other leg. When her hands and legs are stretched outwards her rotational inertia about the axis of rotation is large and hence the angular speed is quite small. By folding her arms and bringing the stretched leg close to the other leg, she decreases her rotational inertia so that the angular speed increases.

Electrostatic Conductor

Introduction to electrostatic conductor

The electrostatic conductors are the conductors, which can pass the electric charge through them very easily. Most of the substances in nature are divided into two categories, one is conductor and the other is insulator. A substance, which can be used to carry or conduct electric charge from one place to the other, is called a conductor. I like to share this Electrostatic Constant with you all through my article.

Electrostatic Conductor

Silver is known to be one of the finest conductors. The other examples of conductors are copper, iron, aluminum, mercury, coal etc. In addition, Earth also proves to be a good conductor of electricity and so is the human body. There are some liquid conductors also, such as salt solutions, acids, alkali, etc. In metallic conductor, there is large number of free electrons, which acts as the charge carriers. In metals, the outer electrons part away from their atoms and are free to roam about in the body of the metal, but they cannot leave the metal under normal circumstances. The free electrons form a kind of electron gas; they collide with each other and move randomly in the different directions. In an external electric field, the free electrons drift against the direction of electric field. The residual atoms made up of nuclei and the bound electrons remain held in their fixed positions. They constitute the bound charges in the conductor, as they cannot move. In electrolytic conductors, the charge carriers are both the positive and negative point. Please express your views of this topic 2d Kinematics Equations by commenting on blog.

Behavior of Electrostatic Conductor Inside Electric Field

The behavior of electrostatic conductor inside the electric field is given below:

(i)     The electric field is as a rule zero inside a conductor,

(ii)   The interior of a conductor can have no excess charge in static situation.

(iii)  Electric field right outside a charged conductor is perpendicular to the surface of

the conductor at each point.

(iv) Electrostatic potential is constant across the volume of the conductor and it has

same value as on its surface.

(v)   Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is equal to the surface charge

density divided by the absolute permittivity of free space.

(vi) Surface charge density of a charge is different at different points.

Direction of Upthrust

Introduction to direction for upthrust

As we know that the substance floats in a liquid whose density is less than the density of the liquid in which the substance is submerged. On the other hand, the substance sinks in a liquid whose density is more than the density of liquid in which the substance is submerged. For example, wood floats on water but iron block sinks in the water, because the density of wood is less than the water but the density of iron is more than the water. To understand this concept first we introduce the term upthrust and buoyancy. Having problem with Optical Density Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.

Direction of Upthrust

If a body immersed completely or partly in a liquid, there is a loss in the weight of the body. The property of a liquid due to which the body loses its weight in the liquid, is called buoyancy. If we immersed a body in a liquid, there is some upward force acting on the body. S that the net force due to gravity on the body = weight of the body in air – upward force acting on the body. Thus, the body loses some weight. The upward force exerted by the liquid on a body, which is immersed in the liquid, is known as the upthrust force or the buoyant force. The direction of the upthrust force is always upwards, which can be proved by a physical activity. I have recently faced lot of problem while learning All Physics Formulas, But thank to online resources of math which helped me to learn myself easily on net.

Activity for the Direction of Upthrust

Consider a beaker filled with a liquid of density d. Let a block of height h is immersed in the liquid. Now the pressure at face A is P1 and the pressure at face B is P2.

So, as we know that the pressure is equal to the product of height, density of the liquid and the acceleration due to gravity.

P1 = h1 × d × g = h1dg              (directed downwards)

P2 = h2 × d × g = h2dg              (directed upwards)

Net pressure , P = P2 – P1 = h2dg – h1dg = (h2 – h1)dg

P = hdg            (directed upwards)

So, force = pressure × Area

F = hdg × A

F = Vdg                       (height × Area = Volume)

This is the upthrust force acting upwards.

Conclusion

From the above discussions, we can conclude that the direction of upthrust is directed upwards. The upthrust force depends on the volume of the body immersed and the density of the liquid in which the body immersed.

Define Ocean Currents

Introduction to ocean currents

Ocean water are in moving condition continuously. The ocean current flows in the complex patterns and they are affected by the moving air or wind, water salinity, temperature of water, topography of ocean floor and the rotation of earth. The ocean currents are driven by the fast moving air and by the solar heating water near the equator. The ocean current flows in the unique direction and the flow is almost constant.

Definition of Ocean Currents

An ocean current is a continuous flow of the ocean water developed by the forces acting upon the water surface due to water salinity gradient and other reasons. The major reason of producing the ocean waves is the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun.  The ocean currents can flow through the long distances and them flows together so that they create the great flow of the global conveyor which plays the important role for the climate of the earth. The ocean current, which flows on the surface of the ocean, develops the typical clockwise spirals in the northern hemisphere of the earth and anti clockwise spirals in the southern hemisphere of the earth. Inside the deep ocean, the density and the temperature differences drive the ocean currents. The ocean currents are made up by the 10% of all the water in the ocean. The ocean currents are at the depth of 400 m from the free surface of water.

Cause of Ocean Currents

The water in the oceans flows continuously in the oceans which results the ocean currents. The ocean currents may flow on the surface of water or may flow deep inside the water. The motion of the ocean currents are due to the wind. The ocean currents, which flows along the equator in each of the major oceans. These ocean currents carry warm water. As the ocean currents reaches at the continents, they split into two parts which are moving in the opposite directions. The water which goes farther and farther away from the equator, they gets cooled and they come back again near to the equator either in clockwise or in anticlockwise direction.

Antenna Frequency Length

Introduction to Antenna frequency length

Antenna in radio sense is a device for receiving or sending radio waves. Antenna can be defined as, it is a system of elevated conductors which couples (or) matches the transmitter (or) receiver to free space. Understanding What is a Rare Earth Magnet is always challenging for me but thanks to all math help websites to help me out.

The length of antenna is indicated in wavelengths i.e., in λ, if we want to calculate the length of antenna for a particular frequency f then we know the formulae
Frequency (f) = Velocity of light ( C )
Wavelength (λ)

Where f = frequency in Hertz
C = velocity of light = 3 x 103      meter/sec
Wavelength λ in meters

For example if you want to build a half wave dipole antenna then we take length of antenna as λ/2 for a particular frequency.

Calculating the Wavelengths
Now we are going to calculate wavelength ranges for all electromagnetic spectrum.

Audio frequency, it is abbreviated as AF which is in the frequency range of 20 to 2500 Hz. so from this we can calculate the wave lengths as 15,000,000 to 120,000 meters.
High Audio frequency, it is abbreviated as HAF which is in the frequency range of 2500 to 5000Hz. The wave length range is 120,000 to 60,000 meters.
Very Low Frequency, it is abbreviated as VLF which is in the frequency range of 10 to 30kHz and the wave lengths are in the range of 30,000 to 10,000 meters.
Low Frequency, it is abbreviated as LF and is in the frequency range of 30 to 300 kHz whose wave lengths range is 10,000 to 1,000 meters.
Medium Frequency, it is abbreviated as MF  and is  the frequency range of 300 to 3,000 kHz  and the wave lengths are in the range of 1,000 to 100 meters.
High Frequency, it is abbreviated as HF and is in the frequency range of 3,000 to 30,000 kHz and whose wave lengths are in the range of 100 to 10 meters.
Very High Frequency, it is abbreviated as VHF and is in the frequency range of 30 to 300 MHz and whose wave length ranges as 10 to 1 meters. Is this topic equation for pressure hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.

As we observe all the frequency ranges it is known that wavelengths are inversely proportional to frequency. For low frequencies it is almost impossible to build a antenna. So we have modulation technique in order to decrease length of antenna at low frequencies.

Newtons 1 Law

Introduction to Newtons 1st law of motion:-
Sir Isaac Newton formulated the three laws of motion, which have helped us in the development of science and technology in many fold ways, as they serve as the basic principals on which further laws and studies were advanced. I like to share this First Law of Thermodynamics Definition with you all through my article.

The fist law of motion states that an object at rest will remain in its state of rest , and an object in motion will remain in its state of uniform motion unless compelled to change its state of rest or of uniform motion by an external agency.

Explanation on Newtons first Law of Motion:

The above law implies that an object, if at rest, can not automatically start moving without the application of force on it. Similarly, if an object is in a state of uniform motion, it will neither stop moving nor change its state of uniform motion to a non uniform one without the action of a force on it. This can be summarized to say that an object at a constant velocity will not change its velocity unless acted upon by some force, and if that velocity is zero, then the object will remain at rest. The first law of motion describes the property of inertia. Inertia is the property of all objects, by virtue of which, they tend to adhere to their current state of uniform motion or of rest under the compulsion of an external force, and only change their current state when that compulsive force overcomes their resistance. This resistance of all bodies against change in their current state of rest or of uniform motion is called inertia. Thus, from the first law, we come to know that only “force” is the factor that changes a body's state of motion, and that uniform motion and rest are not different from each other on the basis of force. Please express your views of this topic Projectile Motion Equation by commenting on blog.

Questions on Newtons first Law of Motion:

Since the first law of newton does not provide a direct formula and it explains the concept of inertia, there are many day to day phenomenon that implement this law. One should be able to explain the application of the Newton's first law in such theoretical questions. Some examples are given as follows:-

When breaks are applied suddenly in a moving vehicle, why are the passengers thrown forwards?

Answer:- The initial state of motion of the vehicle and the passengers in it is that of uniform motion in a straight line. When breaks are suddenly applied on the vehicle, the passengers tend to resist the change in their state of motion, and in in effort of doing so, the passenger's bodies keep on moving forward, and so when the vehicle stops, the passengers get thrown forwards. This is an example of inertia exhibited by the passenger's bodies.

Why does a cyclist have to bend inwards while taking a turn?

Answer:- Before taking the turn, the direction of motion of the cyclist is different. When the handle of the cycle is turned, the cycle and the cyclist's body tend to move in their original path, that is, they oppose the change in direction of motion due to inertia. In this situation, the cyclist can fall off the cycle. To prevent this, the cyclist puts his/her weight inwards in the direction of the turn.

Why do we feel dizzy if we move round and round for some time and them come to a stop?

Answer:- This is because the eyes and the fluid in the ears that maintains the balance of our body both are in motion with the body in its rotatory motion. When the person stops rotating suddenly, the eyes and the fluid does not stop as fast and they tend to be in the rotatory motion due to the property of inertia. Thus, one loses the balance of the body and feels dizzy as the vision swirls. Note:- DO NOT try this as it can cause serious injury.