Fundamental Thermodynamic Relation

Introduction to fundamental thermodynamic relation:

The first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics give the fundamental thermodynamic relations. The first law of thermodynamics is the definition of work. The French scientist Sadi Carnot gave the first law of thermodynamics in 1824. In the 19th century, some of the scientists worked on the concept of the thermodynamic system and relate it with the laws of energy. So, that the energy conservation law is the first law of thermodynamics.

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First law of thermodynamics as the fundamental thermodynamic relation:


The first law of thermodynamics is based on the principle of conservation of energy, which states that the energy cannot be created or cannot be destroyed but it can be transformed from one form to another. The first law of thermodynamics state that the change in the internal energy of a thermodynamic system is equal to the amount of energy added by heating the system excluding the amount lost due to the work done by the system on its surroundings. The first law of thermodynamics also state that the energy is conserved in any process in the thermodynamic system and its surroundings. Let us take dU is the change in internal energy, dQ be the heat added to the thermodynamic system and dW be the work done, then the first law of thermodynamics written as

dQ = dU + dW

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Second law of thermodynamics as the fundamental thermodynamic relation:


The second law of thermodynamics is based on the entropy.  There are many statements of the second law of the thermodynamics. The first statement is written as that in a thermodynamic system this is a process, which will tend to increase the total entropy of the universe. The second statement states that the heat cannot flow from lower temperature body to the higher temperature body. The third statement states that it is impossible to convert all the heat into the useful work. In the general the second law of thermodynamic state as the in any thermodynamic system the temperature difference between the systems is equal to the work obtained or done by the system.